List of political parties in Romania
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This article lists political parties in Romania. Romania has a democratic multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which a political party does not often have the chance of gaining parliamentary majority alone, and, thus, parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. The current system was established following the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the adoption of a new constitution in 1991; prior to these events, Romania was a single-party state under the rulership of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR).
Since the early 1990s, Romanian politics saw a gradual decrease in the number of political parties entering the Parliament and a relative consolidation of existing ones along ideological lines. Major political parties can be roughly grouped into three main "families", more specifically liberal, social democratic, or conservative.[1] Extremist groups have a relatively low political profile in Romania, despite a surge in popularity of far-right and Eurosceptic political parties across many European Union (EU) countries during the 2010s.[2]
Party switching (Romanian: traseism politic) remains a very concerning and significant issue, however, as does widespread corruption, leading to an overall low level of public trust in political parties.[citation needed] In December 2014 the level of trust stood at 12%.[3] To counter this perception, the two largest parties as of 2015 (namely the Social Democrats and the National Liberals) have allegedly initiated a series of internal reforms to strengthen their integrity criteria and impose disciplinary sanctions on party members investigated or convicted on corruption charges.[4][5][6]
Legal framework
[edit]Article 40 of the Constitution of Romania states that citizens can freely associate into political parties, with the exception of judges, military, and police personnel as well as other civil servants which are apolitical by law.[7] The same article bans political parties which campaign against political pluralism, the rule of law, and Romania's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Romania's party system is regulated by Law no. 14/2003 on political parties; the law initially mandated a list of 25,000 supporters, residing in at least 18 counties and the Municipality of Bucharest, for a political party to be formally registered.
Nevertheless, in February 2015, the unregistered Pirate Party of Romania (Romanian: Partidul Pirat din România) filed a complaint to the Constitutional Court, arguing that the list requirement is a violation of the constitutional provisions on freedom of association. The Court subsequently struck down the requirement as unconstitutional, and on 6 May 2015, the Romanian Parliament approved a modified version of the law, which allows the formation of a political party with 3 signatures.[8][9]
Parties represented in Parliament
[edit]The current political parties with parliamentary representation, in the order of the total number of representatives they hold as of July 2024[update] in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, are the following ones:
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In addition, ethnic minority organizations are granted each seat in the Chamber of Deputies if: (1) are the sole official representative organization of the minority; (2) they participate in the legislative election and do not pass the 5% threshold but obtain at least 10% of the number of votes calculated to correspond to electing one deputy. These seats are added to the number of seats put up for election. As of 2021, there are eighteen such seats. The Hungarian minority organization, the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ) has always passed the 5% threshold for both houses of the Romanian Parliament, and has been treated as a regular political party (and acting like one as well).
Parties represented in the Senate
[edit]| Logo | Name | Abbr. | Founded | Leader | Ideology | Position | Senators | MEPs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S.O.S. Romania (Romanian: S.O.S. România) |
SOS RO | 2021 | Diana Iovanovici Șoșoacă | Romanian nationalism Romanian irredentism Right-wing populism Social conservatism Hard Euroscepticism Russophilia |
Far-right | 1 / 136
|
2 / 33
| ||
Parties only represented in the European Parliament
[edit]Aside from the political parties represented in the Romanian Parliament, the following political parties only have representation in the European Parliament:
| Logo | Name | Abbr. | Founded | Leader | Ideology | Position | MEPs | European affiliation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| People's Movement Party (Romanian: Partidul Mișcarea Populară) |
PMP | 2014 | Eugen Tomac | Christian democracy Romanian-Moldovan unionism[17] Social conservatism National conservatism |
Centre-right to right-wing |
1 / 33
|
European People's Party | ||
| Romanian National Conservative Party (Romanian: Partidul Național Conservator Român) |
PNCR | 2023 | Cristian Terheș | National conservatism Right-wing populism Soft Euroscepticism |
Right-wing | 1 / 33
|
European Conservatives and Reformists | ||
Minor parties
[edit]Ethnic minority organizations
[edit]| Association of Italians of Romania | Asociația Italienilor din România - RO.AS.IT., Associazione degli Italiani di Romania - RO.AS.IT. |
| Association of Macedonians of Romania | Asociația Macedonenilor din România, Друштвото на Македонците од Романија |
| Bulgarian Union of the Banat - Romania | Uniunea Bulgară din Banat - România, Български съюз на Банат - Румъния |
| Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania | Comunitatea Rușilor Lipoveni din România, Община русских-липован Румынии |
| Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania | Uniunea Culturală a Rutenilor din România, Културне Товариство Русинів Романії |
| Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania | Forumul Democrat al Germanilor din România, Demokratisches Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien |
| Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs in Romania | Uniunea Democratică a Slovacilor și Cehilor din România, Demokratický svaz Slováků a Čechů v Rumunsku, Demokratický zväz Slovákov a Čechov v Rumunsku |
| Democratic Union of Turkish-Muslim Tatars of Romania | Uniunea Democrată a Tătarilor Turco-Musulmani din România, Romanya Müslüman Tatar Türklerĭ Demokrat Bĭrlĭgĭ |
| Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania | Federația Comunităților Evreiești din România |
| Forum of Czechs in Romania | Forumul Cehilor din România, Fórum Čechů v Rumunsku |
| Hellenic Union of Romania | Uniunea Elenă din România, Ένωση Ελλήνων της Ρουμανίας |
| League of Albanians of Romania | Liga Albanezilor din România, Liga e shqiptarëve në Rumani |
| Party of the Roma | Partida Romilor, Partida le Romenge |
| Turkish Democratic Union of Romania | Uniunea Democrată Turcă din România, Romanya Türk Demokrat Birliği |
| Union of Armenians of Romania | Uniunea Armenilor din România, Ռումինիայի հայերի միություն |
| Union of Croatians of Romania | Uniunea Croaților din România, Zajedništvo Hrvata u Rumunjskoj |
| Union of Poles of Romania | Uniunea Polonezilor din România "Dom Polski", Związek Polaków w Rumunii "Dom Polski" |
| Union of Serbs of Romania | Uniunea Sârbilor din România, Савез Срба у Румунији |
| Union of Ukrainians of Romania | Uniunea Ucrainienilor din România, Союз українців Румунії |
Parties with elected representation at local and county level
[edit]The following are political parties which ran by themselves at the 2020 local elections and won elected representation at local and county level (does not include seats won on alliance tickets):[18]
| Party | Native name (Abbr.) | Local councillors | County councillors | European Affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecologist Party of Romania | Partidul Ecologist Român (PER) | 210 | 5 | — |
| Green Party | Partidul Verde Verzii (PV) |
117 | 0 | European Green Party (EGP) |
| PRO Romania | PRO România (PRO) | 110 | 0 | European Democratic Party |
| Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party | Partidul Național Țărănesc Creștin Democrat (PNȚCD) | 42 | 0 | European Christian Political Movement (ECPM) |
| New Right | Noua Dreaptă (ND) | 2 | 0 | Alliance for Peace and Freedom (APF) |
The following parties have won seats in the 2020 local elections only as part of electoral alliances:
| Party | Alliances | Local councilors elected on alliance ticket |
|---|---|---|
| Bucureşti 2020 Party | Pro Bucureşti 2020 Alliance | 5 |
Other parties
[edit]Defunct parties
[edit]Parties active 1859–1918
[edit]| Conservative Party | Partidul Conservator | Active 1880–1918 |
| Conservative-Democratic Party | Partidul Conservator-Democrat | An offshoot of the Conservative Party, led by Take Ionescu; merged into the Conservative Nationalist Party; active 1908–1922 |
| Conservative Nationalist Party | Partidul Conservator Naționalist | An offshoot of the Conservative Party, active 1916–c.1935 |
| Constitutional Party | Partidul Constituțional | Active 1891–1907 |
| Democratic Nationalist Party | Partidul Naționalist-Democrat (PND) | Right-wing nationalist party; active 1910–1938 |
| Free and Independent Faction | Fracțiunea liberă și independentă | Active 1866–1875; merged into the National Liberal Party[19] |
| National Liberal Party | Partidul Național-Liberal | Active 1875–1947 |
| National Party | Partida Națională | Active 1856–1859 |
| Peasants' Party | Partida Țărănească | Active 1895[20] |
| Radical Party / Radical Democratic Party | Partidul Radical / Partidul Democrat Radical | An offshoot of the National Liberal Party, led by George Panu; active c. 1884[19]–1895; merged into the Conservative Party |
| Social Democratic Party of Romania | Partidul Social Democrat din România (PSDR) | Active 1910–1916, groups active illegally 1916–1918; Transformed into the Socialist Party of Romania |
| Social Democratic Workers' Party of Romania | Partidul Social-Democrat al Muncitorilor din România (PSDMR) | Active 1893–1899; most of its leadership joined the National Liberal Party, with others members eventually joining the Social Democratic Party of Romania |
Parties active 1918−1947
[edit]The following parties were all active in Romania in the interwar period and, in some cases, through and after World War II. Dates of founding and dissolution are given, where known. Failing that, the earliest and latest dates known for activities are given.
This period saw the proliferation of numerous extremist parties inspired by fascism, socialism and Communism. The latter were effectively banned in 1924 by the so-called Mârzescu law.[21] A succession of coups drastically altered the political landscape as Romania went through a single-party dictatorship under the National Renaissance Front (1938–1940), then a military dictatorship without political parties (1940–1944), then briefly returning to multiparty democracy before finally becoming a people's republic (1944–1947).
| Agrarian League | Liga Agrară | Offshoot of the People's Party; active 1929–1938 |
| Agrarian Party | Partidul Agrar | Led by Constantin Argetoianu; active 1932–1938[22] |
| Bessarabian Peasants' Party | Partidul Țărănesc din Basarabia (PȚ) | Founded in the Moldavian Democratic Republic; most of it merged into the Peasants' Party in 1921, a wing led by Ion Inculeț kept the name and later joined the National Liberal Party; active 1918–1923[23] |
| Bolshevik Leninist Group of Romania | Grupul Bolșevic Leninist din România | A Trotskyist grouping led by David Korner; active 1935.[24] |
| Citizen Bloc | Blocul Cetățenesc | A nationalist party led by Grigore Forțu; active 1934[25] |
| Citizen Committees-Dem. I. Dobrescu | Comitetele Cetățenești Dem. I. Dobrescu | A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1935–1938[26] |
| Communist Party of Romania | Partidul Comunist din România (PCdR) | Founded in 1921 as the Socialist-Communist Party (Partidul Socialist-Comunist), a group that emerged from the Socialist Party of Romania; after 1944 Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Român (PCR)); active 1921–1948. Absorbed the Social Democratic Party and renamed itself the Romanian Workers' Party |
| Conservative-Democratic Party | Partidul Conservator-Democrat | An offshoot of the Conservative Party, led by Take Ionescu; merged into the Conservative Nationalist Party; active 1908–1922 |
| Conservative Nationalist Party | Partidul Conservator Naționalist | An offshoot of the Conservative Party, active 1916 – c.1935 |
| Crusade of Romanianism | Cruciada Românismului | Fascist party; active 1935–1936.[27] |
| Democratic Bloc / Democratic Union | Blocul democratic / Uniunea democratică | Anti-fascist political organizations under the influence of the Romanian Communist Party, active 1935–1936, 1937–1939 |
| Democratic Nationalist Party | Partidul Naționalist-Democrat (PND) | Right-wing nationalist party, active 1910–1938 |
| Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere | Partidul Țărănesc-Democrat Constantin Stere (PȚD) | A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party, merged with the Radical Peasants' Party; active 1930–1933[28] |
| Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu | Partidul Țărănesc-Democrat Nicolae L. Lupu (PȚD) | A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1946–1948[29] |
| Fire Swastika | Svastica de Foc | Fascist party, an offshoot of the National-Christian Defense League; active 1935–1938[22] |
| German Party | Partidul German din România (PGR) / Deutsche Partei in Rumänien | Generally backing the party in government, it became strongly influenced by Nazism after 1936; active 1919–1944[30] |
| German People's Party | Partidul Poporului German din România (PPGR) / Deutsche Volkspartei in Rumänien (DVPR) | An offshoot of the German Party, active 1935–1938 |
| Hungarian People's Union | Uniunea Populară Maghiară (UPM) / Magyar Népi Szövetség (MNSZ) | An offshoot of the Magyar Party, created as Union of Hungarian Workers of Romania' (Magyar Dolgozók Országos Szövetsége (MADOSZ)), in close alliance with the Communist Party of Romania; active 1934–1953 |
| Independent Social Democratic Party | Partidul Social Democrat Independent (PSDI) | A dissident wing of the Social Democratic Party, led by Constantin Titel Petrescu; active 1946–1947[31] |
| Iron Guard | Garda de Fier | The usual name of the group founded as the Legion of the Archangel Michael (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail or Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail), running in election first as the "Corneliu Codreanu" Grouping (Gruparea "Corneliu Codreanu") and then as the Everything For the Country Party (Partidul Totul pentru Țară (TPȚ)) - fascist party active between 1927 and c. 1944–1945 (with minor groups claiming heritage to this day) |
| Jewish Democratic Committee | Comitetul Democratic Evreiesc | In close alliance with the Communist Party of Romania; active 1946–1948[32] |
| Jewish Party | Partidul Evreiesc | Active 1923–1938[33] |
| Laborer Party | Partidul Muncitor | Active 1918; merged into the Peasants' Party[34] |
| League Against Usury | Liga Contra Cametei | Active 1929 – c.1931[35] |
| Liberal Democratic Party | Partidul Liberal-Democrat (PLD) | Founded as "Free Man" Grouping (Gruparea "Omul Liber") - a dissident wing of the National Liberal Party, led by Jean Th. Florescu; active 1931–1935.[36] |
| Magyar Party | Partidul Maghiar | Active 1922–1938[37] |
| National-Agrarian Action | Acțiunea Național-Agrară (ANA) | An offshoot of the National Peasants' Party, merged into the National Union for Work and Reconstruction; active 1946–1947[38] |
| National Agrarian Party | Partidul Național Agrar (PNA) | An offshoot of the People's Party, merged into the National Christian Party; active c.1931–1935[39] |
| National Awareness Guard | Garda Conștiinței Naționale (GCN) | A fascist party formed around Constantin Pancu; active 1919–1922[40] |
| National-Christian Defense League | Liga Apărării Național-Creștine (LANC) | A far right proto-fascist party, merged into National Christian Party; active 1920–1935 |
| National Christian Party | Partidul Național-Creștin (PNC) | Fascist party, active 1935–1938 |
| National-Corporatist League | Liga Național-Corporatistă | A fascist party, led by Mihail Manoilescu; active 1932–1938[41] |
| National Fascist Movement | Mișcarea Națională Fascistă (MNF) | Active cca. 1923 |
| National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement | Mișcarea Națională Culturală și Economică Italo-Română | Fascist party, merged into the National Fascist Movement; active 1921–1923[42] |
| National Liberal Party | Partidul Național-Liberal (PNL) | Active 1875–1947; the present-day PNL claims to be the successor of this party. |
| National Liberal Party-Brătianu | Partidul Național Liberal-Brătianu (PNL) | A dissident wing of the National Liberal Party; active 1931–1935 |
| National Liberal Party-Tătărescu/National Liberal Party-Bejan | Partidul Național-Liberal-Tătărescu (PNL) / Partidul Național-Liberal-Bejan (PNL) | A dissident wing of the National Liberal Party; active 1944–1948 |
| National Peasants' Party | Partidul Național Țărănesc (PNȚ) | Merger of the Romanian National Party and the Peasants' Party; active 1926–1947 |
| National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu | Partidul Național Țărănesc-Anton Alexandrescu (PNȚ) | An offshoot of the National Peasants' Party, in close alliance with the Romanian Communist Party, merged into the Ploughmen's Front; active 1945–1948[43] |
| National Renaissance Front | Frontul Renașterii Naționale (FRN) | Renamed Party of the Nation (Partidul Națiunii) in 1940, created as the fascist-inspired single official corporatist party by King Carol II; active 1938–1940 |
| National Romanian Fascia | Fascia Națională Română | Merged into the National Fascist Movement; active c.1920–1923[44] |
| National Socialist Party | Partidul Național-Socialist | Fascist party; active 1933[45] |
| National Socialist German Workers' Party of the German ethnic group in Romania | Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei der deutschen Volksgruppe in Rumänien (NSDAP-DVGiR) / Partidul Național-Socialist Muncitoresc German al Grupului Etnic German din România | Local branch of the Nazi Party, membership limited to the German minority; active 1940–1944 |
| National Union for Work and Reconstruction | Uniunea Națională Muncă și Refacere (UNMR) | Led by Constantin Argetoianu, partly merged into the Union of Patriots and the Ploughmen's Front; active 1947[38] |
| Peasant Workers' Bloc | Blocul Muncitoresc-Țărănesc (BMȚ) | An umbrella group for the banned Communist Party of Romania; active 1925–1933 |
| Peasants' Party | Partidul Țărănesc (PȚ) | Founded 1918, merged with the Romanian National Party into the National Peasants' Party in 1927 |
| Peasants' Party–Lupu | Partidul Țărănesc Nicolae L. Lupu (PȚD) | A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1927–1934[46] |
| People's Party | Partidul Poporului (PP) | Founded under the name People's League (Liga Poporului); active 1918–1929 |
| Ploughmen's Front | Frontul Plugarilor | Closely associated with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1933–1953 |
| Progressive Conservative Party | Partidul Conservator-Progresist | An offshoot of the Conservative Party, led by Alexandru Marghiloman; active in 1918 |
| Radical Peasants' Party | Partidul Țărănesc-Radical (PȚR) | A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1933–1938[47] |
| Romanian Front | Frontul Român (FR) | Far right offshoot of National Peasants' Party; active 1935 – c.1944[48] |
| Romanian National Party | Partidul Național Român (PNR) | Founded inside Austria-Hungary in 1881, merged with the Peasants' Party to form the National Peasants' Party in 1927 |
| Social Democratic Party | Partidul Social Democrat (PSD or PSDR) | Created from the merger of the parties forming the Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties, merged into the Romanian Communist Party; active 1927–1948 |
| Social Democratic Party of Bukovina | Partidul Social Democrat din Bucovina | Founded inside Austria-Hungary, briefly joined into the Socialist Party of Romania, before separating again and becoming an autonomous section of the Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties, which evolved into the Social Democratic Party; active 1896–1920, 1921–1927 |
| Socialist Party (Popovici) | Partidul Socialist (PS) | An offshoot of the Social Democratic Party, led by Constantin Popovici, merged with the Independent Socialist Party to create the Unitary Socialist Party, only to break from the latter and ultimately join the Union of Patriots; active 1933, 1935–1944 |
| Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat / Socialist Party of Transylvania and Banat | Partidul Social Democrat din Transilvania și Banat / Partidul Socialist din Transilvania și Banat | Founded inside Austria-Hungary, it emerged from the Hungarian Social Democratic Party, and briefly joined into the Socialist Party of Romania, before separating again and becoming an autonomous section of the Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties, which evolved into the Social Democratic Party; active 1906–1920, 1921–1927 |
| Socialist Democratic Party | Partidul Socialist Democrat (PSD) | Created by Ioan Flueraș and George Grigorovici, expelled from the Social Democratic Party for collaboration with totalitarian regimes; active 1945–1946[49] |
| Socialist Party of Romania | Partidul Socialist din România (PS) | Formed by members of the Social Democratic Party, it absorbed the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat and the Romanian Social Democratic Party of Bukovina; active 1918–1921 |
| Socialist Peasants' Party | Partidul Socialist-Țărăneasc (PSȚ) | A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party, merged into the Ploughmen's Front; active 1943–1944[50] |
| Socialist Workers Party / Independent Socialist Party | Partidul Socialist al Muncitorilor (PSM) / Partidul Socialist Independent (PSI) | An offshoot of the Social Democratic Party, led by Leon Ghelerter, merged with the Socialist Party (Popovici) to create the Unitary Socialist Party; active 1928–1933 |
| Union of Patriots/National Popular Party | Uniunea Patrioților / Partidul Național-Popular (PNP) | In close alliance with the Communist Party of Romania; active 1942–1948[51] |
| Ukrainian Workers' Party of Romania | Партія українських працюючих Румунії "Визволення"/Vîzvolenia | An offshoot of the Social Democratic Party of Bukovina, it closely collaborated with the Worker-Peasant Bloc; active primarily in northern Bukovina, in 1929–1934. |
| Unitary Socialist Party | Partidul Socialist Unitar (PSU) | Merger of the Independent Socialist Party and the Socialist Party (Popovici), merged into the Social Democratic Party; active 1933–1938, 1944[52] |
| Vlad Țepeș League | Liga "Vlad Țepeș" | Offshoot of the People's Party, led by Grigore Filipescu; active 1929–1938 |
Communist-era parties (1947–1989)
[edit]Although distinct parties in the communist era were not politically relevant, the following were the officially recognized political forces:
| Romanian Communist Party | Partidul Comunist Român (PCR) | Known as Romanian Workers' Party (Partidul Muncitoresc Român (PMR)) between 1948 and 1965; disestablished in 1989 |
| Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy | Frontul Democrației și Unității Socialiste (FDUS) | An organization created as an outlet of the PCR; active 1968–1989 |
| Hungarian People's Union | Uniunea Populară Maghiară (UPM) / Magyar Népi Szövetség (MNSZ) | Created as Union of Hungarian Workers of Romania (Magyar Dolgozók Országos Szövetsége (MADOSZ)), in close alliance with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1934–1953 |
| Jewish Democratic Committee | Comitetul Democratic Evreiesc | In close alliance with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1946–1953[32] |
| Ploughmen's Front | Frontul Plugarilor | Closely associated with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1933–1953 |
Other parties were allowed to exist, with unclear status, until mid 1948.[53]
Post−1989 parties
[edit]| Alliance for Romania | Alianța pentru România (ApR) | Splinter of the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR); absorbed into National Liberal Party; active June, 1997–August, 2001 |
| Civic Alliance Party | Partidul Alianța Civică (PAC) | Absorbed into National Liberal Party; active 1991–1998 |
| Civic Force | Forța Civică (FC) | Absorbed into Democratic Liberal Party; active 2004–2014 |
| Conservative Party | Partidul Conservator (PC) | Founded as the Romanian Humanist Party; merged into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats; active 1991–2015 |
| Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania | Partidul Democrat Agrar din România (PDAR) | Merged into the Romanian National Party; active 1990–1998 |
| Democratic Force | Forţa Democrată (FD) | Created by former members of the Democratic Party; active 2004–2013 |
| Democratic Liberal Party | Partidul Democrat Liberal (PDL) | Absorbed into National Liberal Party; active 2007–2014 |
| Democratic National Salvation Front | Frontul Democrat al Salvării Naționale (FDSN) | Splinter of the National Salvation Front, merged into the Party of Social Democracy in Romania; active 1992–1993 |
| Democratic Party | Partidul Democrat (PD) | Created as the National Salvation Front, merged into the Democratic Liberal Party; active 1990–2007 |
| Democratic Party of Labour | Partidul Democrat al Muncii (PDM) | Merged into the Democratic Party; active 1990–1994 |
| Democratic Union of the Roma of Romania | Uniunea Democratică a Romilor din România (UDRR) | Active 1990–1992 |
| Ecological Federation of Romania | Federația Ecologistă din România (FER) | Splinter of Ecological Federation of Romania, absorbed into People's Action; active 1990–2004 |
| Ecological Movement of Romania | Mișcarea Ecologistă din România (MER) | Absorbed into Ecological Federation of Romania; active 1990–1998 |
| Ecologist Union of Romania Party | Partidul Uniunea Ecologistă din România (PUER) | Absorbed into Ecologist Party of Romania; active March–August 2012 |
| Everything For the Country Party | Partidul "Totul Pentru Țară (PTT) | Dissolved; active 1993–2015 |
| Freedom, Unity and Solidarity Party | Partidul Libertate, Unitate și Solidaritate (PLUS) | Merged into Save Romania Union; active 2018–2020 |
| Liberal Democratic Party | Partidul Liberal Democrat (PLD) | Splinter of the Democratic Party, merged into the Democratic Liberal Party; active 2006–2007 |
| Liberal Party | Partidul Liberal (PL) | Absorbed into the National Liberal Party; active 1997–1998 |
| Liberal Party 1993 | Partidul Liberal 1993 (PL '93) | Merged into the Liberal Party; active 1993–1997 |
| Liberal Reformist Party | Partidul Liberal Reformator (PLR) | Splinter of the National Liberal Party, merged into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats; active 2014–2015 |
| Liberal Union–Bratiănu | Liberal Union–Brătianu (UL-B) | Splinter of the National Liberal Party; active 1990–2003 |
| M10 | M10 | Merged into The Right Alternative; active 2015–2019 |
| National Alliance Party | Partidul Alianța Națională (PAN) | Merged into Democratic Party; active 2000–2001 |
| National Christian Democratic Alliance | Alianța Natională Creștin Democrată (ANCD) | Splinter of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, rejoined the main party; active 1999–2001 |
| National Christian Democratic Party | Partidul Național Democrat Creștin (PNDC) | Active 1990–2014 |
| National Democratic Party | Partidul Național Democrat (PND) | Merged into the Party of the Social-Democratic Unity; active 1990–1992 |
| National Initiative Party | Partidul Inițiativa Națională (PIN) | Create by former members of the Democratic Party, absorbed into the National Union for the Progress of Romania; active 2005–2011 |
| National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu | Partidul Național-Liberal-Câmpeanu (PNL-C) | Splinter of the National Liberal Party, rejoined the main party; active 1995–2003 |
| National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention | Partidul Național Liberal - Convenţia Democrată (PNL-CD) | Splinter of the National Liberal Party, merged into the Liberal Party; active 1991–1997 |
| National Liberal Party Youth Wing | Partidul Național-Liberal Aripa Tînără (PNL-AT) | Splinter of the National Liberal Party, merged into the Liberal Party 1993; active 1990–1992 |
| National Reconstruction Party of Romania | Partidul Reconstrucției Naționale a României (PRNR) | Merged into Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania; active 1990–1992 |
| National Salvation Front–Social Democratic | Frontul Salvării Naţionale–Social Democrat (FSN–SD) | Splinter of the National Salvation Front, merged into the Party of the Social-Democratic Unity; active 1991–1992 |
| New Romania Party | Partidul Noua Românie (PNR) | Merged into the Romanian National Party; active 1994–1998 |
| Party of Free Change | Partidul Liber-Schimbist (PL-S) | Active 1990–1996 |
| Party of Young Free Democrats of Romania | Partidul Tineretului Liber Democrat din Romania (PTLD) | Merged into the Republican Party (1990); active 1990–1992 |
| Party of Social Democracy in Romania | Partidul Democrației Sociale din România (PSDR) | Merged into the Social Democratic Party; active 1993–2001 |
| Party of Romanian Life | Partidul Vieții Românești (PVR) | Active 2000–2002 |
| Party of the Social Democratic Unity | Partidul Unității Social Democrate (PUSD) | Merged into the Democratic Party; active 1992–1995 |
| People's Action | Acțiunea Populară (AP) | Splinter of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, merged into the National Liberal Party; active 2003–2008 |
| People's Party | Partidul Popular (PP) | Merged into the National Liberal Party; active 2003–2014 |
| People's Party – Dan Diaconescu | Partidul Poporului – Dan Diaconescu (PP-DD) | Absorbed into the National Union for the Progress of Romania; active 2011–2015 |
| Republican Party (1990) | Partidul Republican (PR) | Merged into the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR); active 1990–1993 |
| Republican Party (1993) | Partidul Republican (PR) | Created by former members of the Republican Party (1990); active 1993–2003 |
| Republican Party (2004) | Partidul Republican (PR) | Created as the Party of the Third Millennium, renamed in 2005; active 2004–2007 |
| Romanian Democratic Front | Frontul Democrat Român (FDR) | Merged into the Democratic Party; active 1990–1997 |
| Romanian Liberal Democratic Party | Partidul Liberal Democrat Român (PLDR) | Created by former members of the Liberal Party, merged into the Greater Romania Party; active 1999–2002 |
| Romanian National Party | Partidul Național Român (PNR) | Merged into the National Alliance Party; active 1998–2000 |
| Romanian National Unity Party | Partidul Unității Naționale a Românilor / Partidul Unității Națiunii Române (PUNR) | Merged into the National Alliance Party in 2000; re-emerged as a distinct party in 2001; merged into the Conservative Party in 2006; active 1990–2000, 2001–2006 |
| Romanian Rebirth Party | Partidul Renașterea Românească (PRR) | Active 2004–2013 |
| Romanian Social Democratic Party | Partidul Social Democrat Român (PSDR) | Merged into the Social Democratic Party; active 1990–2001 |
| Romanian Social Party | Partidul Social Românesc (PSRO) | Created as Romanian Democratic Union, name changed in 2015; active 2013–2018 |
| Romanian Socialist Democratic Party | Partidul Socialist Democratic Român (PSDR) | Merged into the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR); active 1990–1993 |
| Romanian Socialist Party (1992) | Partidul Socialist Român (PSR) | Active 1992–2013 |
| Social Protection People's Party | Partidul Popular și al Protecției Sociale (PPPS) | Absorbed into National Union for the Progress of Romania; active 1994–2011 |
| Save Bucharest Union | Uniunea Salvaţi Bucureştiul (USB) | Absorbed into the Save Romania Union; active 2015–2016 |
| Socialist Alliance Party | Partidul Alianța Socialistă (PAS) | Created by former members of the Socialist Party of Labour, merged into the Socialist Alternative Party; active 2004–2013 |
| Socialist Party of Labour | Partidul Socialist al Muncii (PSM) | Absorbed into the Social Democratic Party; active 1990–2003 |
| Union for Romanian Reconstruction | Uniunea pentru Reconstrucția României (URR) | Absorbed into Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party; active 2002–2005 |
| Union of Right-Wing Forces | Uniunea Forțelor de Dreapta (UFD) | Founded as Alternative for Romania Party (Partidul Alternativa României, PAR), changed its name to UFD in 2000, absorbed into National Liberal Party in April 2003; active 1996–2003 |
| Workers' Social Democratic Party | Partidul Social Democrat al Muncitorilor (PSDM) | Created by former members of the Romanian Social Democratic Party as the Social Democratic Party "Constantin Titel Petrescu", renamed in 2011; active 2003–2013 |
| Alliance of Liberals and Democrats | Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților (ALDE) | Absorbed into the National Liberal Party (PNL); active 2015–2022 |
| United Romania Party | Partidul România Unită (PRU) | Active 2015–2019 |
| Party of the Revolution | Partidul Revoluției (PR) | Active 2016 |
| United Left Party | Partidul Stângii Unite (PSU) | Active 2005 |
| Social Democratic Workers' Party | Partidul Social Democrat al Muncitorilor (PSDM) | Active 2015 |
| New Generation Party-Christian Democratic | Partidul Noua Generație-Creștin Democrat (PNG-CD) | Active 1999–2012 |
| Social Christian People's Union | Uniunea Populară Social Creștină (UPSC) | Active 2006–2021 |
| Hungarian Civic Party | Partidul Civic Maghiar | Merged into the Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania; active 2008–2022 |
| Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania | Partidul Popular Maghiar din Transilvania (PPMT) | Merged into the Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania; active 2011–2022 |
| Alternative for National Dignity | Alternativa pentru Demnitate Națională (ADN) | Active 2018–2022 |
| National Rebirth Alliance | Alianța Renașterea Națională (ARN) | Active 2019–2024, merged into the Romanian National Conservative Party |
| "Prahova in Action" Party | Partidul Prahova în Acțiune | Active 2020–2022 |
| Party of Ialomițans | Partidul Ialomițenilor (PI) | Active 2021–2022 |
| Party of the Romanian Nation | Partidul Neamul Românesc (NR) | Active 2021–2022 |
| RE:Start Romania Party | Partidul RE:Start Romania | Active 2020–2022 |
| Republican Party of Romania | Partidul Republican din România | Active 2020–2022 |
| Național Peasants' Party Maniu-Mihalache | Partidul Național Țărănesc Maniu-Mihalache (PNȚMM) | Active 2020–2022 |
| ADER Party for Democracy, Education and Reconstruction | Partidul Ader la Democrație, Educație și Reconstrucție (ADER) | Active 2019–2022 |
| Independent Union for Sighișoara | Uniunea Independentă pentru Sighișoara (UIPS) | Active 2020–2022 |
| Phralipe Party of the Romania | Partidul Phralipe al Romilor (PPR) | Active 2020–2022 |
| "Together for Moldova" Party | Partidul Impreuna pentru Moldova (IPM) | Active 2019–2022 |
| Pătârlagele Initiative | Inițiativa Pătârlagele (iPTG) | Active 2020–2022 |
| Bloc for National Unity | Blocul Unității Naționale (BUN) | Active 2020–2022 |
| Liberal Right | Dreapta Liberală (DL) | Active 2019–2022 |
| Christian Democratic Union of Romania | Uniunea Creștin-Democrată din România (UCDR) | Active 2021–2022 |
| European Romania Party | Partidul România Europeană (PRE) | Active 2020–2022 |
| PACT for Galați | PACT pentru Galați | Active 2021–2022 |
| Banat Party | Partidul Banatului (PB) | Active 2018–2022 |
| Union for Bucovina | Uniunea pentru Bucovina (UB) | Active 2019–2022 |
| Our Otopeni Initiative | Inițiativa Otopeniul Nostru (ION) | Active 2020–2022 |
| National Alliance for Farmers | Alianța Națională an Agricultorilor (ANA) | Active 2020–2022 |
| Alliance for the Unity for Rroma | Alianța pentru Unitatea Rromilor (AURr) | Active 2021–2022 |
| Romanian National Party | Partidul Național Român (PNR) | Active 2020–2022 |
| "National Force" Party | Partidul Forța Națională (PFN) | Active 2020–2022 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ "The Ideological Institutionalization of the Romanian Party System". Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "The Extreme Right in Contemporary Romania" (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Crește încrederea în Președinție și Armata, scade în Biserica și presa - sondaj INSCOP". Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "PSD și PNL se întrec în demonstrații de reformă internă, să-i excludă pe membrii corupți". Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ "Modificare statut PSD: Membrii condamnați în primă instanță pentru corupție, suspendați din partid". 17 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ "PNL a definitivat modificările la Statut, în privința criteriilor de integritate". Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ "ARTICLE 40". Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ "Partidul Pirat din România schimbă legea partidelor politice la CCR: nu mai e nevoie de minimum 25.000 de membri fondatori". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ "Camera Deputaților a adoptat trei legi electorale: legea finanțarii partidelor reexaminata, legea partidelor politice și legea alegerilor locale". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ As National Salvation Front (FSN)
- ^ As Social Democratic Party (PSD)
- ^ Ziarul Financiar (6 December 2020). "Cine este AUR, partidul venit de nicăieri care ar putea intra în Parlament. Ce spunea George Simion, fondatorul partidului, în urmă cu câteva zile: Noi suntem legaţi de micul producător, de ţăranul român. Prima lege pe care am da-o ar fi protejarea capitalului român pentru agricultori". Ziarul Financiar (in Romanian). Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ As the historical National Liberal Party (PNL)
- ^ Re-founded in the wake of the 1989 Romanian Revolution
- ^ "National Liberal Party (PNL)". Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Centru-Dreapta Modern - Uniunea Salvați România". usr.ro. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ^ Tomasz Dąborowski (1 November 2017). "Prospects for the centre-left government in Romania". Centre for Eastern Studies. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ "Rezultate finale 27 Septembrie 2020". BEC, Biroul Electoral Central (in Romanian). Retrieved 21 December 2016.
- ^ a b Ornea
- ^ Niculae, et al., p. 39
- ^ "Mârzescu Law". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- ^ a b Veiga, p.215
- ^ Niculae et al., p.12
- ^ "How the Bolshevik-Leninist Group of Romania was Founded" (with introduction), at the Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved 19 July 2007
- ^ Gruber, Cap. V
- ^ Niculae et al., p.15
- ^ Veiga, p.228-230
- ^ Niculae et al., p.14
- ^ Frunză, p.299; Niculae et al., p.16, 45; Videnie, p.46
- ^ "Germanii", on Divers.ro Archived 2007-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Frunză, p.282
- ^ a b Ștefan
- ^ "Evreii", on Divers.ro Archived 2006-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Niculae et al., p.9
- ^ Mihailov
- ^ Tineretul Liberal Gorj Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine; Marian Ștefănescu, Jean Th. Florescu și misiunea sa la Madrid Archived 2007-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Maghiarii", on Divers.ro Archived 2006-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Otu
- ^ Veiga, p.215, 224
- ^ Veiga, p.45-49
- ^ Veiga, p.214
- ^ Veiga, p.163
- ^ Frunză, p.118-119, 299; Niculae et al., p.16; Videnie, p.46
- ^ Veiga, p.179
- ^ Veiga, p.133, 163, 254, 255
- ^ Niculae et al., p.14, 15
- ^ Niculae et al., p.14-15
- ^ Niculae et al., p.15; Veiga, p.215
- ^ 110 ani de social-democrație, p. 6, 24
- ^ Frunză, p.116, 125, 187
- ^ Frunză, p.117; Marin, "II. Viața și opera lui G. Călinescu sub comunism"
- ^ 110 ani de social-democrație, p.5, 21; Frunză, p.203-204, 214
- ^ Frunză, p.357
References
[edit]- (in Romanian) 110 ani de social-democrație în România ("110 Years of Social Democracy in Romania"), Social Democratic Party, Ovidiu Șincai Social Democratic Institute, Bucharest, July 9, 2003
- Ion Constantinescu, "Dr. N. Lupu: «Dacă și d-ta ai fi fost bătut...»" ("Dr. N. Lupu: «If You Yourself Had Been Beaten...»"), in Magazin Istoric, August 1971
- Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România ("History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990
- (in Romanian) Victoria Gabriela Gruber, Summary of Partidul Național Liberal (Gheorghe Brătianu) (PDF file)
- (in Romanian) Gabriel Marin, "Între culpabilitate și mit: George Călinescu - Un istoric literar român în timpul regimului comunist" ("In Between Guilt and Myth: George Călinescu - A Romanian Literary Historian during the Communist Regime"), in Erasmus, 1997
- (in Romanian) Paula Mihailov, "Dubla criză a 'României profunde'" ("The Double Crisis of 'Profound Romania'"), in Jurnalul Național, July 12, 2005
- Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, Doctrina țărănistă în România. Antologie de texte ("Peasant Doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1994
- Z. Ornea, Introduction and chronological table to George Panu, Amintiri de la "Junimea" din Iași ("Recollections from the Iași Junimea"), Ed. Minerva, Bucharest, 1998
- (in Romanian) Petre Otu, "1946-1947. Se pregătește guvernul Argetoianu!" ("1946-1948. An Argetoianu Government Is Under Preparation!"), in Magazin Istoric, May 2000
- Ioan Scurtu, Viața Politică din România 1918–1914 ("Political Life in Romania 1918–1914"), Editura Albatros, Bucharest, 1982
- M. Ștefan, "În umbra Cortinei de Fier" ("In the Shadow of the Iron Curtain"), in Magazin Istoric, November 1995
- Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919-1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului ("History of the Iron Guard, 1919-1941: The Mystique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993
- Nicolae Videnie, "«Alegerile» din martie 1948: epilogul listelor electorale alternative. Obsesia unanimității — primii pași" ("The «Elections» of March 1948: an Epilogue to Alternative Electoral Lists. Unanimity Obsession — The First Steps Taken"), in Dosarele Istoriei, 11/V, 2000
External links
[edit]- "Leftist parties in Romania" at broadleft.org
- (in Romanian) Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, Istoria românilor între anii 1918-1940: IV. Partidele politice în primul deceniu interbelic ("Political programs of major parties in interwar Romania")
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